Thermal Decomposition of Group 2 Metal Salts

In this video created by Chemistry Guru, Singapore's leading JC Chemistry tuition centre, we want to explain the trends that we observe for thermal decomposition temperatures for Group 2 Metal Salts.

Thermal Decomposition Temperatures for Carbonates, Nitrates and Hydroxides

Let's have a few examples.

Here's the decomposition reaction for Group 2 metal carbonates and the temperatures that the salts decompose.

We notice that bonds within the carbonate anion are broken to form metal oxide and carbon dioxide.

We also see that the decomposition temperatures increase from MgCO₃ to BaCO₃.

For nitrates we notice the same trend.

A higher temperature is required to decompose Ba(NO₃)₂ as compared to Mg(NO₃)₂.

Even for hydroxides we have the same observations.

The increasing thermal stability of Group 2 metal salts is consistently seen. So what causes this trend?

Charge Density and Polarising Power of Group 2 Metal Cations

Let's use MgCO₃ as an example.

Mg²⁺ has a small size and high charge so its charge density is considered high in Group 2.

Therefore it has a high polarising power and a strong ability to distort the electron cloud of a neighbouring anion, CO₃^2- in this case.

When the electron cloud of carbonate is distorted, the bonds within the anion will weaken and less energy is required to break the C-O bonds to release CO₂.

Therefore the thermal decomposition temperature is lower or the salt is thermally less stable to heat.

Explaining Thermal Decomposition Temperature Trend for Group 2 Metal Salts

Finally we can explain the thermal stability trend for Group 2.

Down the Group the size of metal cation increases, hence charge density and polarising power decreases.

The electron cloud of anion will be distorted to a smaller extent and bonds within the anion are weakened to a smaller extent.

This means the salt will be more stable to heat and require a higher temperature to decompose.

For the detailed step-by-step discussion on how to explain the thermal decomposition trend for Group 2 metal salts, check out this video!

Topic: Group 2 and 17 Elements, Inorganic Chemistry, A Level Chemistry, Singapore

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